Chapter 1: Our Digital Planet

<----- 1943: mathmetician Alan Turing created the first digital computer called the Collossus

• 1939: John Atanasoff created Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)
• 1944:  Howard Aiken developed Mark I, which was a computer machine constructed to calculate trajectory tables for new guns in World War II by John Machly and J. Presper Eckert .
• ****(come back)-ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integraator Computer) was the very first computer
• UNIVAC I was the very first general purpose commercial computer
• Vacuum tubes- were used in early computers. These were replaced by Transitors in 1956
• In the mid 1960s transistors were replaced by integrated circuits
• Integrated circuits brought: increased reliability, smaller size, higher speed, and higher efficiency, lower cost
• 1971: the first microprocessor was created by Intel
• Web browsers are programs that help navigate windows into the web.
• Firmware: program is etched on silicon so it can;t be changed
• Workstations-high end desktop computers
• Servers: host, provide software and other resources to other computers over a network
• Mainframes: communicate with mainframe through terminals, example: Time shares
• Supercomputers:  help power users acsess powerful computers
• 1960: internet was developed w/ the help of the U.S. government
• Over a billion people were able to access the internet by the end of 2005
• Hypertext links tie together millions of web pages that are created by diverse authors
• Internet supports varied activities, such as Craiglist, are used to supervise money transactions.
• Our society's history includes agricultural and industrial ages which became the Information Age
• Computer literacy is already improving our day-to-day lives and careers
• Applications allow your computer to do simple purposes
• Social and ethical issues include : 1- threats to personal privacy through large  databases and computer networks. 2- the hazards of high-tech crime and the lack of data security. 3- issues with defining and protecting intellectual property. 4- dangers of dependence on complex technology. 5- the threat of automation and dehumanization of work.
• Examples of bio-digital technology: 1- microchipping 2- fusing microchips with the human brain 3- prosthetic legs. 4- virtual surgery. 5- 3D anatomy

Chapter 4- Continued

Web application= blogger
domain name= IP address (ex: xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx.)

Intergrated Applications and Suites: Software Bundles

Vertical- market and Custom software: usually costs more than mass-market application (ex: iTunes, Microsoft Office)
Job-specific software (ex: medical billings, library catalogs)

Harware-software connection- What does the operating system do?

• Support multitasking
• Manages virtual memory
• Maintains a system's files
• Authenticates and authorizes

Utility programs and device drivers

Utility programs: help with system maintenance and repairs that handled automatically
Benefit of utility programs: let's you copy files between storage devices, repair damaged data files, guards against virus', and translate files so that other programs can read it.

Where do the operating systems live?
- computers and sometimes parts of computers are stored in ROMs

• Operating systems usually work behind the scenes
• Sometimes interacting with an operating system can be a challemge and depends on user interface.

User Interface: defines the "look and feel" of computing system from a human perspective
Desktop Operating Systems: MS-DOS  is a disk operating system where the user interacts with characters

The Human-Machine Connection
Features include command-line interface (whenever you are typing something, you are commanding a certain type or form of information) and menu driven interface (when commans are chose from an on-screen list)
Graphical User Interface (GUI): Mac OS was developed by Macintosh in 1984 using GUI, Microsoft Windows a popular operating system.

Multiple User Operating Systems
UNIX= developed by Bell Labs, dominant operating system for Internet servers. Some forms of UNIX are available for personal computers and more.
Linux= was created by Linus Torvalds and is a work in progress, free for anyone to use (ex: Freespire)

Hardware and Software Platforms:

• Cross-platform applicators (Microsoft Office, Adobe Photoshop)  are available in similar versions for multiple platforms.

==>What is the difference between authentication and authorization? Give examples.

•  Authentication is how one identifies themselves to the computer. Authentication system basically verifies that the user is really who they say they are.(For example, when logging onto your computer, you give your (user) information (password))
• Once the user has gone through authentication, they go through Authorization when the system accepts them as a user and decides what they can and can't do.(For example, when you get into the system)

==> What does an operating system do?
==>What is the difference between utility programs and device drivers? 


Tomorrow's User Interfaces

• Future user interfaces will built around growing technologies, such as agents and virtual realities.

File management: where is my stuff?!

• Files can be almost anywhere in the system, which can of course makes data management a challenge.
• Solution: organize files logically
• For example: Windows system and Mac organize files with system folders, such as My Documents, My Pictures, and My Music.
• Tools to help you with file-management properties: view tab, rename, copy, move, and delete files and folders.
• Hierarchies help with organizing and locating your work. Such as when you have a folder with subfolders within it.





File Management Hierarchy


• Applications that help you manage your files are certain operations like "open"
  "save as", and "save.
• Defragmentation, "the cure for framented files", is basically the way of the files of the system. (pg 126)

 Software Piracy and Intellectual Property Laws

• Software piracy which is the illegal duplication of copyrighted software. B/c of piracy, many business' lose billions of dollars every year  to software pirates.

Intellectual Property and Law

• Intellectual property includes the results of activities such as science and the arts.
• The laws ensure that mental labor is rewarded and innovation is encourage.  

Inventing the Future Tomorrow’s Evolving Applications and Interfaces 

•   The WIMP (windows, icons, menus, and pointing devices) interface is a lot easier to learn than earlier character-based interfaces
• The SILK uses many new interface technologies such as speech, language, image, and knowledge.

Weeks upcoming assignments

Wed-6th = read chapter 2 and 3 for QUIZ
Fri-8th= Blog exam